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Biological rhythms that repeat themselves every 24 hours are called:
Circadian rhythms
Clockwork rhythms
Infradian rhythms
Homeostatic rhythms
Cyclical rhythms
Biological rhythms that last longer than a day are called:
Biological rhythms that last less than a day are called:
Ultradian rhythms
The theory that the sleep-waking cycle is endogenous assumes that it is controlled by:
Psychological factors
Environmental factors
Internal biological pacemakers
External biological pacemakers
Fatigue factors
The main pacemaker for endogenous rhythms appears to be the:
Superior colliculus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Cerebellum
An event that is external, but which partially controls biological rhythms, is called a:
Zeitgeber
Zeitgeist
Zeitstein
Zeitof
Zeitelement
Schochat et al. (1997) demonstrated a temporal relationship between the sleep-waking cycle and:
Thyroxine
Serotonin
Adenosine
Cryprochrome
Melatonin
Blake (1967) found that there was a clear reduction in task performance at around which time of day?
Post-lunch
Early morning
Midday
Late afternoon
Early evening
Hormones are produced by:
The suprachiasmatic nucleus
Endocrine glands
The hippocampus
Pheromones
The brain stem
The synchronisation in menstrual cycles observed in women who spend much time together is thought to be due to the influence of:
Zeitgebers
Hormones
Pheromones are biochemical substances that are released into the:
Air
Bloodstream
Urine
Spinal cord
Brain
What form of therapy was devised by Barlow and Durand (1995) to cure SAD?
Hypnotic analgesia
Cognitive therapy
Melatonin therapy
Dream therapy
Phototherapy
Biological rhythms that last for around one year before repeating are known as:
Circannual rhythms
Which type of work is most disruptive in terms of causing harmful effects through major changes to circadian rhythms?
Rapidly rotating shiftwork
Slowly rotating shiftwork
Permanent nightwork
Permanent daywork
Non-rotating shiftwork
In which stage of sleep do the EEG waves become slower and larger, but with short bursts of high-frequency sleep spindles?
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 3
Stage 5
Stage 4
In which stage of sleep does REM sleep occur?
REM sleep is sometimes referred to as:
Hypnogogic sleep
Alpha sleep
Slow-wave sleep
Paradoxical sleep
Light sleep
What is the effect of release of the hormone melatonin, and under which conditions is it released?
It makes a person feel sleepy, and is released when light levels are low
It makes a person feel sleepy, and is released when light levels are high
It makes a person feel awake, and is released when light levels are low
It makes a person feel awake, and is released when a person wakes up
It makes a person feel awake, and is released when light levels are high
Sleep deprivation has the most effect on performance of tasks that are:
Performed in the afternoon
Complex
Monotonous
Performed at teatime
Short
Which of the following is a feature of sleep-deprivation psychosis?
A sense of depersonalisation
Loss of a sense of personal identity
All of these
Increased difficulties in coping with the environment
Increased difficulties in coping with other people
Which of the following neurotransmitters has NOT been implicated in the physiology of sleep?
Noradrenaline
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
None of these
Recovery or restoration theories assume that the function of sleep is to:
Save energy and heal body tissue
Keep animals immobile
Protect animals from predators
Deal with unwanted information
The idea that sleep is an adaptive means of conserving energy forms the basis of which theory?
Hibernation theory
Recovery theory
Activation-synthesis theory
Wish-fulfilment theory
Reverse-learning theory
How many of our dreams do we remember?
10 percent
50 percent
5 percent
30 percent
95 percent
According to Hobson and McCarley's (1977) activation-synthesis hypothesis, what is a dream?
A time when unimportant ("parasitic") information is unlearned
Wish-fulfilment
The brain trying to make sense of its activation by random signals that originate in the hindbrain and forebrain
A time of quiet that allows adaptation to environmental dangers and threats
A time when neuro-chemicals expended during the day can be replenished
The greatest strength of the activation-synthesis theory of dreams is that it is based on:
Freud's theory of dreams
Psychotherapy
Brain sensitivity
Detailed physiology
Theories of eye movement
The reverse-learning theory of dreams assumes that dreams are a means of:
Getting rid of sexual thoughts
Consolidating unimportant information occurring in the day
Getting rid of parasitic information stored in the brain
Body restoration
The problem-solving theory of dreaming was proposed by:
Winson
Freud
Crick and Mitchison
Eysenck
Webb and Cartwright
Complete the following sentence with the correct words: In the Hajek and Belcher (1991) study, ex-smokers who dreamt of _________ were ____ likely to start smoking again.
Smoking, less
Smoking, more
Suffocating, less
Skiing in the Alps, less
Suffocating, more
In survival strategy theory (Winson, 1997), dreaming is a period when:
Repressed desires are acted out
Memories and events of the day are juxtaposed with things that happened in the past to form a strategy for survival
Random neural activity is "made sense of" by the cortex
Parasitic modes are erased
Events from previous incarnations are re-lived
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